Oceanographer and former Navy Rear Admiral Timothy Gallaudet, who is reports published in March about the so-called “unidentified underwater objects” (eng. unidentified submerged objectUSO) author, last month Fox News statedthat, in his opinion, the study of these phenomena would be “scientifically sound” and of great importance to national security.
In a 29-page report it released newly established Sol Foundation – an analytical center dedicated to investigating what the military calls “unidentified anomalous phenomena” unidentified anomalous phenomena, UAP), focusing on 2019 for a video shot on board the Omaha off the coast of San Diego (USA).
The video that was leaked to director Jeremy Corbell and which one Confirmed by the Pentagon as real navy 2021 recorded case of UAP, raises more questions than answers – both in his interview and in the Sol Foundation report, Gallaudet suggests considering the strange craft as a threat.
“Pilots, credible witnesses and calibrated military instruments have recorded objects accelerating at speeds and crossing the air-sea boundary in ways impossible for any human-made object,” Gallaudet wrote in the think tank’s first report.
Dark ocean
While no one can explain exactly what’s going on in the USS Omaha video, the capabilities of the object it captures could threaten America’s maritime security, Gallaudet told Fox, “which is already weakened by our relative ignorance of the global ocean.”
“The fact that unidentified objects of unexplained characteristics are entering the waters of the United States, oh [Gynybos departamentas] doesn’t raise a huge red flag, it’s a sign that the government is not sharing everything it knows about all-domain anomalies,” said a former Navy officer, possibly referring to the Pentagon’s All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office. All-domain Anomalous Resolution OfficeAARO).
While UFOs usually get the most attention — from the government, academia and conspiracy theorists alike — Gallaudet and others believe USOs are just as menacing as their flying counterparts, if not more so.
US Naval Institute Director Scot Christenson in 2022. of Naval History Magazine wrote in an editorialthat although so far “there has been no documented case of UFO damage to an aircraft,” mysterious sea creatures and other UFOs “pose the greatest danger to the Navy.”
While there’s a bit of a difference between the little green men and the legendary krakens of the deep, the US military’s top priority when it comes to unidentified objects or creatures in the air or at sea is safety — and if there’s video footage of the “world-changing” craft, as in its report said T. Gallaudet, this will undoubtedly cause concern for the Pentagon, writes “Futurism”.
“To address security and science challenges,” he said in a Sol Foundation report, “UAP and USO should be elevated to national ocean research priorities.”
Peer violence and cyberbullying: how to manage them? The interview with the Police Commissioner
Second an early 2024 study by Save The Children and Ipsoswhich involved 800 minors between 14 and 18 years old, 28 percent of boys and girls declared having exchanged intimate videos or photos at least once with their partner or with people in whom they had an interest, although more than half think that those who send intimate photos always accept the risks they run, including the risk that the photos may be shared with others.
Furthermore, one in ten teenagers admitted to having shared at least once intimate photos or videos of the person they were having a relationship with without their explicit consent. Furthermore, the survey demonstrates the existence of a considerable percentage of young people who tend to normalize gender stereotypes and abusive behaviouri.
Becoming digital parents
Jonathan Haidt: “An anxious generation due to smartphones and overprotective parents”
by Giulia Cimpanelli
“Teenagers are aware but not prepared, in the sense that they know what gender violence is, but at first they wouldn’t know how to recognize it, how to manage situations and what tools to use. More they don’t stop to think: from 12-14 years old, with the web they enter a fantastic world where their human relationships (even if digital, ndr) multiply, everything goes very fast and where the feeling is that there is no time to stop and think before carrying out an action. This makes both bullying and sharing any type of photo or content easy and immediate,” he comments Marco Luciani, officer of the Local Police of Milan specialized in cyber crimes and peer violence. And he adds: “Let’s think about what happened a few years ago in Manduria: almost 20 kids had targeted a defenseless pensioner with mental problems. They had been bullying him on social media for a year and no one had noticed anything. Everything was leaked only when the victim was killed. Everyone talks about calm students, who came from normal families.” But, in fact, no one had noticed anything. “Here because dialogue in the family is fundamental. Here because parents need to keep upfollow their children on social networks instead of exercising hyper-control in real life”, adds the commissioner.
Becoming Digital Parents
Technologies and excess control: an obstacle to the growth of adolescents
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Dialogue and study
“One day a mother asked me: I found my minor daughter filming herself masturbating and sending the video to a friend of her age in Palermo, who was doing the same thing, what do I do? – Luciani continues -. Facts like this are all the agenda. Their sexuality also passes through the web. The point is that these videos are often used to blackmail once the two have an argument or break up should not be commodified, induce them to think before sharing, whether it’s an insult to someone or whether it’s an intimate photo or video of yourself.”
Becoming digital parents
Vicari: “Addiction to devices is like addiction to drugs”
by Giulia Cimpanelli
Another imperative is to stay updated: “Use the same social networks that our children use and follow them, telling them. If a child doesn’t post anything, ask yourself questions: we know that there are ways to not let other users see the posts.”
What if something happens? “In the event of incidents of cyberbullying, it is important to report it, even if only to the school director: contrary to what people think in Italy schools and managers are very attentive and prepared on these topics and can support and advise families – says the commissioner – furthermore it is important not to make a drama out of it and remember that many episodes, as they happened, pass quickly. Continuing to talk about it sometimes only gives it more resonance. Obviously, if we’re talking about crimes, reporting is a must.”
Becoming digital parents
“Prevention, research and support: the 3 pillars against cyberbullying”
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Sad is beautiful
Another trend that the expert points out is that of spreading “fake news” about oneself to appear – paradoxically – problematic. “I am constantly exposed to teenagers’ devices and I rarely find anything cheerful, positive – concludes the expert -; one day a mother told me that her teenage son wrote in chats that his parents were alcoholics, but it wasn’t true. Kids grow up playing violent video games from an early age (Call of Duty, for example, would be forbidden to minors, ndr) watching series like Sea Outside, where in 18 episodes you never see a boy smile, it’s all a drama. We live in a world where For young people, being unlucky is almost cool, a superficial world where the dream is to become an influencer without having to commit. A world where musicians are trappers who don’t have to study music to become famous. Families also play a fundamental role in all of this: let’s talk to them and make them think.”
Becoming Digital Parents
Story of Samara, victim of cyberbullying: “This is how I got out of it”
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#Peer #violence #cyberbullying #manage #interview #Police #Commissioner
– 2024-05-05 21:35:32
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Peer violence and cyberbullying: how to manage them? The interview with the Police Commissioner
The Fascinating Story of the Photoelectric Effect: Unraveling Quantum Mechanics
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GOOD! So sunny! In the first two episodes, some viewers noticed that I was tanned.
In Taiwan, the sun never fails. Advertisements for whitening and sunscreen can be seen everywhere in the market, but why do we get sunburned from the sun? But it seems you’ve never heard of sunburn caused by a fluorescent lamp?
In fact, this is also related to quantum mechanics and is closely related to our topic today.
We discussed previously the starting point of the quantum concept in history. Next, we will explain in more detail how the quantum concept was developed and the story of this man.
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In the process of development of quantum mechanics, the study of the photoelectric effect constitutes a very important turning point.
The photoelectric effect refers to the phenomenon that when light or electromagnetic waves above a certain frequency are irradiated on a specific material, it emits electrons.
By the end of the 19th century, scientists had already discovered a strange phenomenon: irradiating a negatively charged metal plate with light (especially ultraviolet light) will cause the negative charge on the metal plate to disappear. But at the time, they didn’t know the principle. They only speculated that the surrounding gas might help the negatively charged particles leave the metal plate under the irradiation of ultraviolet light.
So in 1899, the famous British physicist JJ Thomson placed a zinc plate in low-pressure mercury gas and irradiated it with ultraviolet light to study how the gaseous mercury helped the zinc plate release negative charges . charges and followed it in particles similar to those discovered in radiation studies two years earlier (1897).
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They are tiny negatively charged particles about a thousand times lighter than hydrogen atoms, which we call electrons today.
In 1902, the German physicist Leonard discovered that even in a vacuum glass tube, as long as light above a certain frequency is irradiated, a current passes between the two poles. The size of the current is proportional to the intensity of the light and. the light will also disappear instantly. After removal, the current will disappear instantly.
At this point, the concept of the photoelectric effect as we know it is fully formed.
Looks like there’s nothing wrong here? However, without using current quantum theory and relying solely on the physical knowledge of the time, it would be difficult to perfectly explain the photoelectric effect. Because according to traditional theory, the energy of light should be related to the intensity of light, not the frequency of light.
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If light transfers energy to electrons and allows them to escape the metal plate, then why must light above a certain frequency be effective? For example, if we irradiate ultraviolet rays and infrared rays with the same intensity, we will find that only the metal plate irradiated by ultraviolet rays will generate current. Additionally, when the frequency of ultraviolet light is higher, the energy of the electrons is greater.
On the other hand, if we illuminate a metal plate with very high intensity infrared rays, we will find that no current will be generated anyway. But if it is ultraviolet light, even if the intensity is very low, the current will still be generated instantly.
Such an incomprehensible photoelectric effect allowed Einstein to turn the entire world of physics upside down in 1905 and establish the foundations of quantum mechanics.
Photoelectric effect explained
To explain the photoelectric effect, Einstein hypothesized that the energy carried by electromagnetic waves is radiated in the form of energy-carrying “light quanta.” Referring to the results of Planck’s previous research, it is believed that the energy E of the light quantum is proportional to the frequency ν of the electromagnetic wave, written as E = hν. h is the constant of proportionality, which is also the Planck constant that we introduced.
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According to Einstein’s interpretation, the higher the frequency of the electromagnetic wave, the greater the energy of the photon. Therefore, as long as the frequency is high to a certain extent, the electrons can obtain enough energy to escape from the metal plate and form. an electric current conversely, if the electromagnetic wave If the frequency is not high enough, the electrons cannot gain enough energy to leave the metal plate.
It’s like Dwayne Johnson can knock me out with one punch, but if a weakling hits me a hundred times with one percent of Dwayne Johnson’s strength, even if the total force is the same, I won’t be not beaten after losing consciousness. I probably felt a persistent itch, as if I didn’t feel any pain.
When the intensity of the electromagnetic wave is stronger, the number of photons is larger, so the number of electrons leaving the metal plate naturally increases and the current becomes larger. Just like we were repeatedly hit by Dwayne Johnson, the injury will naturally be more serious than a simple punch.
Although Einstein’s explanation of the photoelectric effect seemed perfect, the view of light quanta was too radical and difficult for scientists of the time to accept. Even Planck himself wasn’t happy about it.
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For Planck, the basic unit energy hν was emitted by a virtual “oscillator”, but for Einstein, the energy of the electromagnetic wave itself consisted of individual light quanta, or what are now called “photons”.
However, electromagnetic waves are waves. Intuitively, they propagate infinitely in space. How can they be packets of energy carrying the smallest basic unit of energy?
American physicist Millikan firmly believed that Einstein’s theory was wrong and spent many years conducting experimental research on the photoelectric effect.
In 1914, Millikan published the world’s first experimental value of Planck’s constant, which was not far from the now recognized standard value h=6.626×10-34 Js (joules per second).
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In the paper, Millikan said the experimental results were surprisingly consistent with Einstein’s quantum theory that was abandoned nine years ago.
Even if the academic community doesn’t want to believe Einstein, it won’t work. Einstein also won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921 for his contribution to the photoelectric effect.
Official portrait of Einstein after receiving the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921. image/wikimedia
Applications of the photoelectric effect
Nowadays, the photoelectric effect has many uses. Common solar panels in our daily life use a type of photoelectric effect, called photovoltaic effect, after absorbing the energy of photons, the electrons inside the material do not radiate into the surrounding space, but move to inside the material, forming positive. and negative poles to generate current.
Whether you get a sunburn is also related to the energy of the photon.
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Sunburn is damage caused to the skin by exposure to high-frequency sunlight, that is, UVB rays present in ultraviolet rays. When these photons hit the skin, they cause the electrons that form the bonds in DNA molecules to leak away, causing abnormal changes in the DNA of skin cells, leading to cell damage and immune responses. This is why the skin will appear red. , swollen, painful and inflamed after a sunburn.
Lower frequency light, because the photon energy is lower, is less likely to cause damage, which is why we’ve never heard of sunburn from fluorescent lights.
Conclusion
Since the second half of the 17th century, when Huygens and Newton each proposed the wave theory and the particle theory of light, people have focused on the big question of whether light is a wave or a particle in the early 19th century. century, Thomas. Yang used a double-slit interference experiment to show the wave nature of light. By the mid-to-late 19th century, the conclusion that light belonged to electromagnetic waves was finally established theoretically and experimentally by Maxwell and Hertz respectively.
After about two hundred years of research and development, the world has understood that light is a kind of fluctuation.
Unexpectedly, a few years later, Einstein took the plunge and argued that light energy was carried by individual light quanta. After passing the experimental test, the light became a particle again.
Physicists must recognize that light has two properties: wave and particle. The characteristic it will exhibit depends on the situation, called wave-particle duality of light.
The quantum concept of light proposed by Einstein in 1905 disrupted the traditional view that waves and particles are completely separate. The interpretation of light energy quantification was also confirmed by experiments. After that, in addition to physical energy, there are other physical phenomena. quantities. Found “quantized”, like electric charges.
We now know that charge also has a base unit, which is the size of the charge carried by a single electron.
Although it was later discovered that the quarks that make up the atomic nucleus have base charges of -1/3 and +2/3 units, this does not change the fact that the size of the charge is discontinuous and does not requires no quantity of units. electricity.
If you think that’s strange, think about it. With the naked eye, we feel that each part of the body is continuous. But actually, on a microscopic scale, the body is also made up of very small atoms and molecules, but we can do this. I don’t see it at all. It was only after I came out that I felt it was continuous.
Photon energy and charge size are actually so if you break them down you will find that they have the most basic units and are not continuous.
In fact, quantum mechanics has continued to surprise people since its birth. It’s like an elusive cat suddenly bursting into the world of physics. Our next story concerns a revolutionary hypothesis that shattered common sense in the development of quantum mechanics. The proponent of the hypothesis initially majored in history and law in college and had a bachelor’s degree in history, but later changed his major to physics. De Broglie won the Nobel Prize in Physics within 5 years for his doctoral thesis.
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The Fascinating Story of the Photoelectric Effect: Unraveling Quantum Mechanics