The VW Golf has developed greatly over the past 50 years. picture alliance / dpa | Volkswagen / Handout
The VW Golf has been around for over 50 years. As a direct descendant of the VW Beetle, the Golf has always had many fans.
VW has always impressed the Golf with new technology, new designs and special models.
Here you can find out how golf has developed in recent years.
Volkswagen (VW) has brought not one, not two, but eight generations of the Golf onto the market over the past 50 years. Whether brightly colored, convertible or limited edition, there was always something for everyone.
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The first Golf
The VW Golf 1 picture alliance / dpa | Volkswagen
In 1974, VW turned away from the Beetle and released an entirely new car: the Golf. “The front engine, front-wheel drive and water cooling are no longer Beetle-like at all,” writes the magazine Vau-Max. The Golf One quickly became very popular with car fans. A year later, in September 1975, the Golf GTI appeared and of course from 1979 there was also a Golf one convertible.
More comfort in the Golf two
The red VW Golf 2 picture alliance / dpa | Volkswagen
Nine years after the first Golf 1, VW brought its successor, the Golf 2, onto the road in August 1983. It was larger than the Golf One, offered more driving comfort and contained a newly developed engine. In the years that followed, other second-generation Golf models followed, such as the Golf two GTI, the Golf Country and of course a Golf two convertible, which, however, was based on the Golf one.
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Generation three – and the first Golf with an electric motor
The VW Golf 3 picture alliance / dpa | Volkswagen
New decade, new Golf: The third generation of the VW Golf appeared in 1991. Gone were the round headlights, and VW focused on safety. If desired, an airbag could be installed in the new model on the driver’s side – and later also on the front passenger. The “Citystromer”, VW’s first electric Golf, followed in 1994. A year later, in 1995, several special models appeared, which were particularly noticeable with their colorful interiors.
Completely new look in the VW Golf four
The VW Golf 4 picture alliance / dpa | Volkswagen
Just six years after the third generation Golf, VW released the Golf four. A completely new look and modern gadgets impress customers. In the following years, up to and including 2002, further variants of the Golf four followed. There was another convertible available for purchase, the GTI and the Golf R32.
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Golf five: for the first time with airbags and a high roof
The VW Golf 5 picture alliance / dpa | Volkswagen
The fifth generation of the Golf followed a year after the fourth generation Golf R32: in 2003. For the first time, the Golf was equipped with an FSI engine, six airbags and electric exterior mirrors. The generation included sporty models, such as the new editions of the Golf GTI or R32. But VW also had the right thing for buyers looking for comfort, such as the Golf Plus with a high roof.
The Golf six – or the better Golf five
The VW Golf 6 picture alliance / dpa | Volkswagen
In September 2008, the sixth generation of Golf saw the light of day. Basically, the technology of the Golf six is based on its predecessor, but the “crisp lines and an attractive interior” immediately convinced the public, as Vau-Max summarizes it. For the first time since the Golf Four, a new generation convertible was available to buy. To mark the 35th birthday of the Golf GTI, there was a special model called “Edition 35” in 2011.
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In the seventh generation, VW is focusing on diversity
The VW Golf 7 picture alliance / dpa | Volkswagen
Anyone who was present in Berlin on September 4th, 2012 would have been the first to get an impression of the seventh generation of the VW Golf. It was built from a “modular transverse matrix”, which is intended to reduce production costs. Shortly after its presentation in Berlin, the Golf seven GTI premiered at the Paris Motor Show. The Golf GTE, VW’s sporty hybrid Golf, followed in 2014 and in 2017 the Golf got LED headlights and a new range of 300 kilometers.
Generation eight with four doors
The new VW Golf 8 at its premiere picture alliance/dpa | Julian Stratenschulte
The latest Golf generation was born on October 24, 2019. For the first time, a generation without a two-door model. This time VW is delighting its fans with three new TSI models, which are even hybrid. There are also two GTI models available to buy, as well as a special model for the GTI’s 45th birthday.
VW could reportedly release the ninth generation of its iconic Golf in the coming years. However, anyone who wants to find out what the model will look like will have to be patient.
md
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“Moody’s” downgraded the “stable” outlook of Armenia’s sovereign rating to “negative”
– 2024-03-27 10:34:59
“Moody’s” rating agency left the RA sovereign rating unchanged at “Ba3”, but lowered the “stable” perspective of the rating, defining it as “negative”, reports 168.am.
The following 3 impulses underlie the formation of negative expectations regarding the RA sovereign rating.
1. Weakening of RA’s long-term economic growth potential is expected
According to Moody’s forecasts, economic growth in Armenia will decrease to 1.8% in 2022, and to 3% in 2023. Before 2022-2023 5-5.5% level of economic growth was predicted.
The main reason for the projected reduction in growth is the high dependence of the RA economy on the Russian economy (in the form of exports and transfers), which in the context of the escalation of the Russia-Ukraine armed conflict implies a number of negative consequences.
In particular, a 20-30% reduction in remittances to Armenia is predicted in 2022, which will lead to a reduction in household consumption. Moreover, against the background of the expected decline in domestic demand in the Russian Federation, the export volumes from Armenia will also be reduced, additionally penalizing the economic growth.
According to Moody’s forecasts, the international sanctions against Russia will be long-term, as a result of which it is expected that the remittances from Russia and the volumes of exports to Russia will not recover for a long time. As a result, RA’s long-term economic growth opportunities will also suffer.
2. The debt of the RA government will continue to be maintained at a high level
According to Moody’s forecasts, the deficit of the RA state budget in 2022-2023 will continue to be maintained at the level of 4-4.5% of GDP, while previously it was expected that the deficit would be reduced in 2022, fluctuating within 3% of GDP. The reason is the expectations of reduction of state revenues against the backdrop of negative economic developments.
As a result, instead of decreasing, the debt of the RA government will increase in 2022-2024 and will remain in the range of 62-63% of GDP in 2021. compared to 60.3%. Moreover, according to Moody’s assessment, although the government’s fiscal policy should be aimed at stimulating the economy (through the implementation of additional spending) and contribute to economic growth, this policy will once again delay fiscal consolidation.
On the other hand, according to Moody’s, the level of foreign currency risks of the government’s debt is a concern, as 70% of the debt is in foreign currency. It is assumed that in the event of a possible sharp devaluation of the dram, on the one hand, the trajectory of the government’s debt will worsen, on the other hand, the risks of the banking system will increase due to the still high level of dollarization of commercial banks.
3. Geopolitical risks may deepen
According to Moody’s assessment, the level of tension between Armenia and Azerbaijan may increase significantly in the near future due to the developments of the Russian-Ukrainian armed conflict. This could adversely affect consumption and investment as well as fiscal sustainability, particularly if currency pressures intensify and/or defense spending increases sharply.
The Rasht-Astara railway will change the politics of Russia
– 2024-03-18 00:15:25
/ world today news/ For Russia, Iran is one of the doors to the “turn to the east”, and for Iran, Russia is a “support to the north”. Their interaction can take on the meaning of a transregional integration project called Meridian Eurasia.
After it became clear that the anti-Russian sanctions imposed over the Ukraine crisis “closed Europe”, Moscow’s breakthrough in the East and overcoming obstacles to foreign trade is a strategic necessity for it.
The railway line. Ivan Shilov. Regnum
As a result, the problems of creating new logistics came to the fore, especially in the direction of the North-South transport corridor connecting the Indian Ocean with Russia and Europe, where everything must be brought to the level of systemic security, taking into account the changed foreign political circumstances .
We are talking about the southern multimodal route, which was previously not seriously sought after, but only recently began to be sought after. This is the route from India from the port of Mumbai via the Iranian Gulf port of Bandar Abbas.
According to experts on this route, cargo is delivered faster, prices are reasonable. But there is a problem with carrying capacity: the railway line here is not finished, there is no necessary infrastructure, including ports.
It is this direction that has now begun to receive increased attention, but no longer because of previous calculations, according to which the new route would become a cheaper and shorter alternative to the Suez Canal route.
During a recent visit to Iran to attend the Troika summit in Astana, Russian President Vladimir Putin said that Moscow was ready to build a section of the Rasht-Astara railway in Iran, which would contribute to “restoring transport infrastructure in Southern The Caucasus with access to Iran and the launch of the North-South corridor.
“Now, as you know, the first experimental, test train has already started on the North-South route. This is a short road with access to Iran’s southern ports, and here is the road to the Persian Gulf and India,” Putin explained.
– “There is one specific section Rasht – Astara. This is a small territory of Iranian territory, 146 kilometers. There the question is to build a section, I repeat, only 146 kilometers. The Russian side is ready to do it. We must agree on the terms of this construction. I hope now we will start concrete work. After that, the work itself is interesting for us, it is actually import work, the import of our services for Russian railways,” he also said.
At the same time, Putin emphasized that Baku is also interested in the construction of this section and that this issue was discussed at a meeting with the President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev within the framework of the Caspian Summit. The Iranian side also declared its active support for such a proposal.
We recall that this project was launched back in 2009 with the participation of Azerbaijan, but until recently, for various reasons, it remained in a “suspended” state despite Baku’s active efforts to convince Tehran to build the Astara-Rasht railway. But the issue began to develop only after Russia’s real intervention in the project and Iran’s awareness of the new geopolitical realities.
In this way, a continuous rail link between Russia and Iran can emerge and the cost of transportation on the route between Mumbai and St. Petersburg will decrease.
The railway corridor Astara – Rasht – Qazvin. Parishan
But it’s not just that. There will be a significant redirection of the freight flow along the future North-South MTK in the Russian direction. In addition, new communication opportunities will lead to the strengthening of integration processes specifically between Iran, Azerbaijan and Russia.
Such a course of events will inevitably affect the political interaction of these countries, which will solve the problems already taking into account serious common economic, transport and logistics problems.
At the same time, this project significantly increases the role of Russia and Iran in Transcaucasia, creates a certain counterbalance to Turkey’s influence there, and generally strengthens Iran’s transit position not only in the Middle East. It is no coincidence that Iran’s spiritual leader Ali Khamenei, in a meeting with Putin, said that “this project will complete the North-South transport line and will benefit both countries.”
Therefore, the delay in the construction of the Rasht-Astara railway section is explained not only by the traditional slowness of the Iranian bureaucracy or the lack of funding.
It’s just that now the importance of the so-called Zangezur Corridor, through which Baku plans to establish communications with Nakhchivan with access to Turkey through the territory of Armenia, is decreasing.
Moreover, given the Ukrainian crisis and the lack of security in parts of the Black Sea, the use of the Iranian route will also be important for European countries. Moscow makes it clear that its choice to expand cooperation with the southern part of Eurasia through the transport arteries of the Caspian Sea and Iran is of a long-term nature.
In this regard, the focus of attention on the problems of Transcaucasia will also change. Moscow, like Tehran, has new incentives to act. For Russia, Iran is one of the doors to the “turn to the east”, and for Iran, Russia is a “bulwark to the north”.
Their interaction can go beyond the framework of the transport project and acquire the significance of a transregional integration project called “Meridian Eurasia”. So big changes are coming in the Greater Middle East.
Translation: SM
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The Rasht-Astara railway will change the politics of Russia – 2024-03-18 00:15:25