Science
31 Aug 2023
Vol 381, Issue 6661
pp. 965–972
Editor’s summary
The palladium-catalyzed coupling of amines with aryl halides is one of the most widely used reactions in pharmaceutical research and manufacturing. Nonetheless, it depends sensitively on the structure of the two coupling partners and therefore often requires a trial-and-error process to identify pertinent optimal conditions. Rinehart et al. trained and validated a machine learning model to predict appropriate ligand, solvent, and base for coupling of particular reactant pairs. Ten products were isolated in more than 85% yield under the individualized conditions predicted by the model. —Jake S. Yeston
Abstract
Machine-learning methods have great potential to accelerate the identification of reaction conditions for chemical transformations. A tool that gives substrate-adaptive conditions for palladium (Pd)–catalyzed carbon-nitrogen (C–N) couplings is presented. The design and construction of this tool required the generation of an experimental dataset that explores a diverse network of reactant pairings across a set of reaction conditions. A large scope of C–N couplings was actively learned by neural network models by using a systematic process to design experiments. The models showed good performance in experimental validation: Ten products were isolated in more than 85% yield from a range of couplings with out-of-sample reactants designed to challenge the models. Importantly, the developed workflow continually improves the prediction capability of the tool as the corpus of data grows.
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Supplementary Materials
This PDF file includes:
Materials and Methods
Supplementary Text
Figs. S1 to S22
Tables S1 to S4
Scheme S1
Charts S1 and S2
NMR Spectra
References (34–96)
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Volume 381 | Issue 6661
1 September 2023
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Copyright © 2023 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.
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Acknowledgments
We acknowledge the support services of the NMR, mass spectrometry, and microanalytical laboratories of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Funding: We acknowledge generous financial support from Hoffmann La-Roche. A.S.S. thanks the National Science Foundation (NSF) (grant no. CHE 1900617) for financial support. This work was also supported in part by the Molecule Maker Lab Institute, an AI Research Institutes program supported by the NSF under grant no. CHE 2019897. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the NSF.
Author contributions: N.I.R. contributed to the dataset, wrote the main code package, designed new descriptors, tested neural network architectures for modeling, conceptualized the informatics-guided strategy to exploring the reaction space as a network, designed and contributed to the validation experiments, contributed to composing the manuscript, and wrote the Computational and informatics methods, Experimental methods, Workflow development, General references, Experimental validation, and Master list of dataset products sections of the SM; R.K.S. contributed experimentally to the dataset, contributed to the validation experiments, made authentic products for zero-yielding plates, and composed most of the Characterization data, Characterization references, and NMR spectra sections of the SM; J.W. contributed experimental results to the dataset and prepared reference materials; A.F.Z. helped conceptualize the scope of the project and design descriptors as well as initial classification modeling efforts; L.S. prepared palladium complexes and reference materials; A.S.S. shared code that facilitated the calculation and testing of new descriptors; R.B. conceived of and supervised the project, designed the experimental part of the workflow, contributed experimental results to the dataset, and contributed to composing the manuscript; and both S.F. and S.E.D. conceptualized and supervised the project and contributed to composing the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Data and materials availability: Full experimental procedures, including validation runs, characterization data, experimental apparatus, qHPLC analytical methodology, and copies of 1H, 13C, 31P, and 19F spectra as well as feature engineering, modeling details and model validation, structures of each product made in the dataset, and predictions for each condition with every reactant pair in the dataset can be found in the SM. Code developed in this work is available at Zenodo (33), and ongoing development through our laboratory’s Github organization will be available at github.com/SEDenmarkLab/Lucid_Somnambulist.
Authors
Affiliations
Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
Roles: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Software, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, and Writing – review & editing.
Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
Roles: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, and Writing – review & editing.
Joel Wellauer
Pharmaceutical Division, Synthetic Molecules Technical Development, Process Chemistry and Catalysis, F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Ltd., Basel, Switzerland.
Roles: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, and Visualization.
Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
Roles: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Project administration, Software, Supervision, and Writing – review & editing.
Lukas Schlemper
Pharmaceutical Division, Synthetic Molecules Technical Development, Process Chemistry and Catalysis, F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Ltd., Basel, Switzerland.
Roles: Investigation, Resources, and Validation.
Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
Role: Software.
Pharmaceutical Division, Synthetic Molecules Technical Development, Process Chemistry and Catalysis, F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Ltd., Basel, Switzerland.
Roles: Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, and Writing – review & editing.
Pharmaceutical Division, Synthetic Molecules Technical Development, Process Chemistry and Catalysis, F. Hoffmann–La Roche, Ltd., Basel, Switzerland.
Roles: Conceptualization, Project administration, Supervision, Visualization, and Writing – review & editing.
Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
Roles: Conceptualization, Data curation, Funding acquisition, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Supervision, Validation, Writing – original draft, and Writing – review & editing.
Funding Information
Molecule Maker Laboratory Institute: CHE 2019897
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A machine-learning tool to predict substrate-adaptive conditions for Pd-catalyzed C–N couplings.Science381,965-972(2023).DOI:10.1126/science.adg2114
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